Three centuries subsequent to the contributions of Isaac Newton (1642-1726), classical physics has attained a level of sophistication that enables it to provide solutions to unresolved challenges in contemporary physics. This research introduces a novel gravitational law that extends Newton’s universal law of gravitation to encompass galaxies and the cosmos. The following active areas of research are comprehensively elucidated in this work:

• Missing mass problem;
• Galaxy rotation curves;
• Formation of galactic structures (trailing and leading spiral arms, annular configurations, Hoag’s object, Cartwheel galaxy, central bars, barlenses, boxy-peanut-X structures, shell structures);
• Mechanism of system interactions (tidal tails, stellar evaporation, bullet cluster, starburst galaxy);
• Principle of cosmic structures (superclusters, megastructures, cosmic voids);
• Orbital evolution and precession;
• Gravitational wells;
• Gravitational lensing;
• Expansion of the universe.

Numerous extant theories have exhibited specific limitations in comprehensively addressing all of the aforementioned phenomena.